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Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The term has been defined as 'A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded. 'In the mid-19th century, scholars identified total war as a separate class of warfare. In a total war, the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes due to the capacity of opposing sides to consider nearly every human, including non-combatants, as resources that are used in the war effort. Characteristics Actions that may characterize the post-19th century concept of total war include:Strategic bombing, as during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War (Operations Rolling Thunder and Linebacker II)Blockade and sieging of population centers, as with the Allied blockade of Germany and the Siege of Leningrad during the First and Second World WarsScorched earth policy, as with the March to the Sea during the American Civil War and the Japanese 'Three Alls Policy' during the Second Sino-Japanese WarCommerce raiding, tonnage war, and unrestricted submarine warfare, as with privateering, the German U-Boat campaigns of the First and Second World Wars, and the United States submarine campaign against Japan during World War IICollective punishment, pacification operations, and reprisals against populations deemed hostile, as with the execution and deportation of suspected Communards following the fall of the 1871 Paris Commune or the German reprisal policy targeting resistance movements, insurgents, and Untermenschen such as in France (e. g. Maill massacre) and Poland during World War IIIndustrial warfare, as with all belligerents in their respective home fronts during World War I and World War IIThe use of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labor for military operations, as with Japan and Germany's massive use of forced laborers of other nations during World War II (see Slavery in Japan and Forced labor under German rule during World War II)Giving no quarter (i. e. take no prisoners), as with Hitler's Commando Order during World War II Background The phrase 'total war' can be traced back to the 1935 publication of German general Erich Ludendorff's World War I memoir, Der totale Krieg ('The total war'). Some authors extend the concept back as far as classic work of Carl von Clausewitz, On War, as 'absoluter Krieg' (absolute war), even-though he did not use the term, others interpret Clausewitz differently. Total war also describes the French 'guerre outrance' during the Franco-Prussian War. In his December 24, 1864 letter to his Chief of Staff during the American Civil War, Union general William Tecumseh Sherman wrote the Union was 'not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies, ' defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In 1949, he first proposed that a total war in the nuclear age would consist of delivering the entire nuclear arsenal in a single overwhelming blow, going as far as 'killing a nation'. = Middle Ages =Written by academics at Eastern Michigan University, the Cengage Advantage Books: World History textbook claims that while total war 'is traditionally associated with the two global wars of the twentieth century...